![]() Late metrics are shown in the fourth and sixth charts, reporting respectively B at the end of the insertion and ∂ B/∂ t at 91% normalized time. This is highest for the large curvatures, followed by reduced bending, and has similar values for straight and failed insertions. A similar consideration, with an ever higher distinguishable pattern, can be performed by analyzing, in the second and third chart, the mid-point patterns (normalized time 50% and 85%, respectively) of B. Both metrics allow a solid detection of the insertions having large curvatures, as the values observed for large curvatures largely exceed the other insertions. The first and fifth chart show the values obtained after 35% of the insertion process. Here, we compare different B and ∂ B/∂ t values for different normalized times and propose a set of six different metrics that can allow users to perform identification of the epidural insertion quality, and perform classification tasks. By studying metrics related to the curvatures and their temporal changes, we provide identifiers that can potentially serve for the (in)correct identification of the epidural space, and support the operator through the insertion process by recognizing the bending patterns.įigure 13 shows some of the main metrics of the bending patterns as a statistical box plot. We experimentally assessed the shape sensing methods over 25 experiments performed in a phantom, and we observed that the sensing system correctly identified bending patterns typical in epidural insertions, characterized by the different stiffness of the tissues. The fibers are mounted externally to the needle, without blocking its inner channel, and through a strain-to-shape detection method reconstruct the silhouette of the epidural device in real time (1 s). ![]() In this work, we present and experimentally assess a guidance system based on a network of fiber optic distributed sensors. The use of a guidance system for manual insertion can reduce failure rates and provide increased efficiency in the process. Epidural anesthesia is a pain management process that requires the insertion of a miniature needle through the epidural space located within lumbar vertebrae. ![]()
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